Owner's question: what is not proven is not necessarily untrue. Each claim here is classified on a fixed scale (established, promising, plausible, contested, no signal, not reachable at home) with the trials behind it and a watch list of studies still to report. Nothing on this page is advice; a health benefit is never a reason we link to a product.
| Source | What it found (quoted) and its limits | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Taylor KW, et al. Fluoride exposure and children's IQ scores: SR & MA. JAMA Pediatrics (2025) · new Meta-analysis · n = 74 studies |
each 1 mg/L urinary fluoride increase associated with lower IQ by "1.63 IQ points in children" (NIEHS summary); not enough data on 0.7 mg/L · Contested Topic: fluoride; dose: Water/urinary fluoride Limits: 52/74 studies high risk of bias; urinary vs water exposure |
Evidence: strong Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Zhou K, Shang Z, Yuan C, et al. Can molecular hydrogen supplementation enhance physical performance in healthy adults? SR & MA. Front Nutr 11:1387657 (2024) · new Meta-analysis of RCTs · n = 597 (29 studies) |
"These findings suggest that H2 supplementation is favorable in healthy adults to improve lower limb explosive power." · Promising (Narrow) Topic: hydrogen_water; dose: Various H2 forms Limits: Small effects; endurance and strength trivial |
Evidence: strong Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| National Toxicology Program. NTP Monograph on the State of the Science Concerning Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopment and Cognition (NTP-MGRAPH-8) (2024) · new Systematic review (hazard assessment) · n = n/a |
moderate confidence that "higher levels of fluoride exposure ... are associated with lower IQ in children"; "insufficient data to determine if the low fluoride level of 0.7 mg/L" affects IQ · Contested (At 0.7 Mg/L) Topic: fluoride; dose: Fluoride exposure >1.5 mg/L water Limits: Most studies from high-exposure regions |
Evidence: strong Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Cochrane Oral Health. Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries (CD010856, 2024 update) (2024) · new Systematic review · n = post-1975: 2908 children (dmft) |
"The evidence suggests that water fluoridation may slightly reduce tooth decay in children."; post-1975 ~0.24 fewer decayed baby teeth per child (uncertain) · Established (Benefit Modest Today) Topic: fluoride; dose: Community water fluoridation Limits: Benefit smaller than pre-1975 era of no fluoride toothpaste; no adult studies |
Evidence: strong Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Zhou K, Liu M, Wang Y, et al. Effects of molecular hydrogen supplementation on fatigue and aerobic capacity in healthy adults: SR & MA. Front Nutr 10:1094767 (2023) · new Meta-analysis · n = 402 (19 studies) |
effects on RPE and lactate "small yet significant with low heterogeneity"; aerobic capacity "not significant and trivial" · Promising (Fatigue) / Negative (Aerobic Capacity) Topic: hydrogen_water; dose: Various H2 forms (water, inhalation) Limits: Small trials; mixed H2 delivery forms |
Evidence: strong Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Yoritaka A, et al. Randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial of hydrogen water for Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders (2018) · new RCT double-blind placebo, 14 centres · n = 178 |
"There were no significant differences (t-test; p > 0.05) in the total UPDRS score between the H2-water and placebo groups." (KAKEN final report) · Negative For Pd Topic: hydrogen_water; dose: 1000 mL/day H2 water, 72 weeks Limits: Dose possibly low; quote from grant report, not journal abstract |
Evidence: strong Paywalled · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Knudsen NN, Schullehner J, Hansen B, et al. Lithium in drinking water and incidence of suicide: nationwide individual-level cohort with 22 years follow-up. IJERPH 14(6):627 (2017) · new Nationwide individual-level cohort (Denmark) · n = 3740113 |
"there does not seem to be a protective effect of exposure to lithium on the incidence of suicide" · Contested Topic: lithium_water; dose: Li exposure (mean 11.6 ug/L; range below 31 ug/L) Limits: Narrow exposure range |
Evidence: strong Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Gildengers A, et al. Low-dose lithium carbonate in mild cognitive impairment: 2-year pilot RCT. JAMA Neurology (PMID 41770546) (2026) · new Pilot RCT placebo (safety/feasibility) · n = 80 |
No significant difference on any outcome; verbal memory "declined at about half the rate" (non-significant) [secondary report] · Uncertain (Pharmacologic) Topic: lithium_water; dose: Lithium carbonate 150-300 mg/day (pharmacologic, not water) Limits: Pill-dose far above water levels; 29/80 dropouts |
Evidence: moderate Access unknown · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Washington State Department of Health. Report of the Fluoride Science Review Panel (2025) · new Agency review · n = n/a |
"Community water fluoridation is an effective tool to prevent tooth decay."; "More research is needed on the potential neurodevelopmental risks" · Contested Topic: fluoride; dose: CWF at 0.7 mg/L Limits: Agency synthesis |
Evidence: moderate Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Li Y, Bing R, Liu M, et al. Can molecular hydrogen supplementation reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy adults? SR & MA. Front Nutr 11:1328705 (2024) · new Meta-analysis · n = 76 (6 studies) |
H2 can enhance antioxidant capacity "but not directly diminish the levels of exercise-induced oxidative stress" · Plausible Topic: hydrogen_water; dose: Various H2 forms Limits: Very small pooled n |
Evidence: moderate Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Jamialahmadi H, Khalili-Tanha G, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Nazari E. Effects of hydrogen-rich water on blood lipid profiles in metabolic disorders: SR & MA. Int J Endocrinol Metab 22(3):e148600 (2024) · new Meta-analysis of double-blind RCTs · n = 357 (8 RCTs) |
TG, TC and LDL "demonstrated slight decreases across the studies"; "further long-term trials involving larger populations are needed" · Promising (Weak) Topic: hydrogen_water; dose: Hydrogen-rich water Limits: Most pooled changes not significant |
Evidence: moderate Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Dhillon G, Buddhavarapu V, Grewal H, et al. Hydrogen water: extra healthy or a hoax? A systematic review. Int J Mol Sci 25(2):973 (2024) · new Systematic review · n = 25 studies |
"preliminary results in clinical trials and studies are encouraging"; "further research with larger sample sizes and rigorous methodologies is needed" [abstract only] · Promising Topic: hydrogen_water; dose: Hydrogen-rich water Limits: Heterogeneous small studies |
Evidence: moderate Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Albaker WI, Al-Hariri MT, et al. Beneficial effects of adding magnesium to desalinated drinking water on metabolic and insulin resistance parameters among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an RCT. npj Clean Water 5:63 (2022) · new RCT (3-arm, participant-blinded) · n = 230 randomized; 102 completed |
Authors call findings an "initial indication" that Mg should be added to desalinated water; within-group HOMA-IR 2.9->2.5 at 50 mg/L · Promising Topic: magnesium_water; dose: MgCl2 in desalinated water at 0, 20 or 50 mg/L; 1 L/day; 3 months (NCT04632277) Limits: High dropout (102/230 completed); HbA1c between-group difference not significant (p=0.440); diet Mg not quantified |
Evidence: moderate Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Does much hyped alkaline electrolyzed water provide health benefits? A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Int J Environ Health Eng (ijehe.mui.ac.ir) (2022) · new Systematic review · n = 9 studies |
evidence "not sufficient enough for recommendation to the mass in general" · Unsupported (General Claims) Topic: alkaline_water; dose: Alkaline electrolyzed water Limits: Small heterogeneous studies |
Evidence: moderate Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Dupont C, Hébert G. Magnesium sulfate-rich natural mineral waters in the treatment of functional constipation - a review. Nutrients 12(7):2052 (2020) · new Narrative review of 4 RCTs (industry-funded) · n = 4 RCTs, ~676 total |
"magnesium sulfate-rich natural mineral waters may represent a natural treatment for FC" · Promising Topic: sulfate_mg_constipation; dose: Hépar 1 L/d; Ensinger Schiller 1 L/d; Donat Mg 0.5 L/d Limits: Funded by Nestlé Waters (Hépar owner); authors involved in Hépar trials |
Evidence: moderate Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| LeBaron TW, Singh RB, Fatima G, et al. Effects of 24-week high-concentration hydrogen-rich water on body composition, blood lipid profiles and inflammation biomarkers in metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 13:889-896 (2020) · new RCT double-blind placebo · n = 60 |
high-concentration HRW "significantly reduced blood cholesterol and glucose levels" · Promising Topic: hydrogen_water; dose: H2-producing tablets, >5.5 mmol H2/day, 24 weeks Limits: Partly funded by tablet maker; lead author industry fees; blood/breath H2 not measured |
Evidence: moderate Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Memon A, et al. Association between naturally occurring lithium in drinking water and suicide rates: SR & MA of ecological studies. Br J Psychiatry (2020) · new Meta-analysis of ecological studies · n = 15 studies (9 pooled) |
total suicide "pooled β = −0.27, 95% CI −0.47 to −0.08; P = 0.006, I2 = 83.3%"; studies "subject to the ecological fallacy/bias" · Contested Topic: lithium_water; dose: Natural Li in water Limits: Ecological; high heterogeneity; excludes individual-level null cohort |
Evidence: moderate Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Dupont C, et al. Time to treatment response of a magnesium- and sulphate-rich natural mineral water in functional constipation. Nutrition (PMID 31170680) (2019) · new RCT double-blind placebo · n = 226 |
Responders 50% vs 29% at week 2 (p = 0.001) [figures as reported in Dupont & Hébert 2020 review; primary abstract not retrieved] · Promising Topic: sulfate_mg_constipation; dose: Hépar 1 L/day Limits: Industry-linked; short |
Evidence: moderate Paywalled · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Chycki J, et al. Alkaline water improves exercise-induced metabolic acidosis and enhances anaerobic exercise performance in combat sport athletes. PLoS One (2018) · new RCT double-blind placebo · n = 16 |
"drinking alkalized water enhances hydration, improves acid-base balance and anaerobic exercise performance" · Promising (Narrow, Athletes) Topic: alkaline_water; dose: Mineral-based highly alkaline water, 3 weeks Limits: n=16; mineral content confounded with pH |
Evidence: moderate Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Schneider I, Greupner T, Hahn A. Magnesium bioavailability from mineral waters with different mineralization levels in comparison to bread and a supplement. Food & Nutrition Research 61 (2017) · new Randomized crossover (bioavailability) · n = 22 |
Serum Mg AUC0-10h "revealed no significant differences among the treatment groups"; Mg-rich water called "a calorie-free magnesium source" · Established (As Mg Source / Bioavailability) Topic: magnesium_water; dose: 100 mg Mg from 4 mineral waters, bread or supplement, single doses Limits: Acute single-dose; surrogate endpoint only |
Evidence: moderate Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Dose-response relationship between dietary magnesium intake and cardiovascular mortality: systematic review and dose-based meta-regression of prospective studies. J Trace Elem Med Biol 38:64-73 (2016) · new Meta-analysis of prospective cohorts (diet, not water) · n = 449748 (8 studies) |
CVD mortality risk "reduced by 16% in women and 8% in men" (highest vs lowest intake); "No significant linear dose-response relationship was found" [abstract only] · Plausible (Water-Specific) Topic: magnesium_water; dose: Dietary Mg intake (all sources) Limits: Diet not water; observational; dose-response only in women/US |
Evidence: moderate Paywalled · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Naumann J, et al. Ensinger Schiller Quelle RCT (as reported in Dupont & Hébert 2020) (2016) · new RCT double-blind placebo · n = 100 |
Bowel movements wk3 2.02 vs 0.88/week (p = 0.005); no significant effect at week 6 [as reported in review] · Promising Topic: sulfate_mg_constipation; dose: 1 L/day (4x0.25 L) sulfate-rich water, 6 weeks Limits: Effect not sustained at 6 weeks |
Evidence: moderate Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Weidman J, Holsworth RE Jr, Brossman B, et al. Effect of electrolyzed high-pH alkaline water on blood viscosity in healthy adults. JISSN 13:45 (2016) · new RCT double-blind · n = 100 |
high-pH water "reduced high-shear viscosity by an average of 6.30% compared to 3.36%" (p = 0.03) · Unsupported For Clinical Hydration Benefit Topic: alkaline_water; dose: Electrolyzed high-pH water vs purified water during recovery Limits: Funded by Essentia; surrogate endpoint; osmolality/body mass no difference |
Evidence: moderate Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Bothe G, et al. Donat Mg RCT (as reported in Dupont & Hébert 2020) (2015) · new RCT double-blind placebo · n = 106 |
Bowel movements wk6 6.62 vs 4.47 (p = 0.001) [as reported in review] · Promising Topic: sulfate_mg_constipation; dose: Donat Mg 0.5 L/day, 6 weeks Limits: Industry-linked; one arm stopped early |
Evidence: moderate Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Galetti V, Kujinga P, Mitchikpè CE, ... Zimmermann MB, Moretti D. Efficacy of highly bioavailable zinc from fortified water: an RCT in rural Beninese children. Am J Clin Nutr (NCT01790321) (2015) · new RCT double-blind, 20 weeks · n = 277 |
"Consumption of filtered water fortified with a low dose of highly bioavailable zinc is an effective intervention"; "We detected no effect on diarrhea or growth" · Established In Deficient Children / Unsupported In Replete Adults Topic: zinc_water; dose: Zinc-fortified filtered water delivering 2.8 mg Zn/day Limits: Deficient population; biomarker endpoint |
Evidence: moderate Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Dupont C, et al. Hépar RCT (as reported in Dupont & Hébert 2020) (2014) · new RCT double-blind placebo · n = 244 |
Responders 39.0% vs 24.3% at week 4 (p = 0.028) [figures as reported in review] · Promising Topic: sulfate_mg_constipation; dose: Hépar 1 L/day vs 1.5 L low-mineral water Limits: Industry-linked; 4 weeks; responder endpoint |
Evidence: moderate Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Wynn E, Krieg MA, Aeschlimann JM, Burckhardt P. Alkaline mineral water lowers bone resorption even in calcium sufficiency. Bone 44(1):120-4 (2009) · new Randomized parallel (2 waters) · n = 30 |
"the alkaline water rich in bicarbonate led to a significant decrease of PTH and of S-CTX" [abstract only] · Promising Topic: bicarbonate_calcium_water; dose: 1.5 L/day bicarbonate-rich alkaline water (PRAL -11.2) vs Ca-rich acidic water, 4 weeks Limits: Small; 4 weeks; bone markers only, no BMD or fracture |
Evidence: moderate Paywalled · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Rylander R, Arnaud MJ. Mineral water intake reduces blood pressure among subjects with low urinary magnesium and calcium levels. BMC Public Health 4:56 (2004) · new RCT (double-blind, 3 arms) · n = 70 |
"A significant decrease in blood pressure was found in the group consuming mineral water at 2 and 4 weeks" (effect reported among persons with initially low urinary Mg/Ca) [abstract only] · Promising Topic: magnesium_water; dose: Low-mineral water vs Mg-enriched water vs natural mineral water, 4 weeks (Mg/Ca mg/L not captured) Limits: Small; 4 weeks; effect in subgroup with low urinary Mg/Ca; doses not captured in this scan |
Evidence: moderate Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Foo LC, Zainab T, Goh SY, et al. Iodization of village water supply in the control of endemic iodine deficiency in rural Sarawak, Malaysia. Biomed Environ Sci 9(2-3):236-41 (1996) · new Community intervention with control village · n = not captured |
"goitre prevalences were reduced in all the villages (by 22.6% to 35.8%)" [abstract only] · Established In Deficient Settings / Not Relevant Where Salt Is Iodized Topic: iodine_water; dose: Iodinated village water supply, 1 year Limits: Old; non-randomized; deficient population only |
Evidence: moderate Paywalled · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Dubnov J, Eilon Y, Amster E, et al. Magnesium remineralization of desalinated drinking water and residents' health outcomes: a prospective cohort baseline study. Research Square preprint (under review BMC Public Health) (2026) · new Prospective cohort - baseline (preprint, not peer reviewed) · n = 443 |
Baseline only; authors state findings do not establish causal effects · Plausible (Watch) Topic: magnesium_water; dose: Planned Mg addition ~20-30 mg/L to desalinated supply from April 2026; follow-up 12 and 24 months Limits: Preprint; self-report; no outcome data yet |
Evidence: weak Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Friedberg F, et al. Comparing different doses of hydrogen enriched water in a pilot randomized treatment trial in chronic fatigue syndrome (2026) · new Pilot RCT single-blind, dose comparison (no placebo) · n = 50 |
"No significant outcome differences were observed between the two dosing conditions." [abstract only] · Uncertain Topic: hydrogen_water; dose: 2-3 glasses/day vs escalation to 4-5 glasses/day, 16 weeks Limits: No placebo arm; pilot |
Evidence: weak Access unknown · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Todorovic N, Baltic S, ... Ostojic SM. Effects of 8-week hydrogen-rich water on appetite, body composition, sleep and GLP-1 in obese adults (HYDRAPPET), NCT06722326. Preprints.org (2025) · new RCT double-blind placebo (preprint, not peer reviewed) · n = 35-36 |
HRW "significantly mitigated cravings (P = 0.05)"; no between-group body composition difference · Promising (Unconfirmed) Topic: hydrogen_water; dose: 1.0 L/day HRW (~15 mg H2), 8 weeks Limits: Preprint; small; borderline p; co-author from H2 industry (Tarnava) per author list |
Evidence: weak Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Aron L, ... Yankner B. Lithium deficiency and the onset of Alzheimer's disease. Nature (2025) · new Human post-mortem tissue + mouse experiments · n = dozens of brains + mice |
Yankner: "Before recommending lithium orotate, we need to determine the effective and safe dose range in people." (NIH Research Matters) · Plausible (Mechanism) Topic: lithium_water; dose: Lithium-depleted vs lithium orotate diets/water (mice) Limits: Mechanistic/animal; no human trial yet |
Evidence: weak Paywalled · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Fraiha-Pegado J, de Paula VJR, Alotaibi T, Forlenza O, Hajek T. Trace lithium levels in drinking water and risk of dementia: a systematic review. Int J Bipolar Disord 12:32 (2024) · new Systematic review · n = 5 studies |
"trace-Li levels in the water are sufficient to lower the incidence or mortality from dementia" (authors' view; calls for trials) · Contested Topic: lithium_water; dose: Trace Li in water Limits: Only 5 observational studies; omits some nulls |
Evidence: weak Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Lu Y, Chen H. Deuterium-depleted water in cancer therapy: a systematic review of clinical and experimental trials. Nutrients 16(9):1397 (2024) · new Systematic review (14 lab/animal + 1 RCT) · n = 15 studies; RCT n=44 |
authors call for "More extensive randomized controlled trials"; review acknowledges high risk of bias · Plausible (Weak) Topic: deuterium_depleted_water; dose: DDW +/- chemotherapy Limits: 1 small human RCT; mechanism unconfirmed |
Evidence: weak Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Duthie AC, Hannah J, Batty GD, et al. Low-level lithium in drinking water and subsequent risk of dementia: cohort study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry e5890 (2023) · new Retrospective cohort (Scottish Mental Survey 1932) · n = 37597 |
"Our results do not support an association between extremely low levels of lithium and later dementia risk." · Contested Topic: lithium_water; dose: Mean water Li 1.45 ug/L Limits: Very low exposure range |
Evidence: weak Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Shlezinger M, Amitai Y, Goldenberg I, Atar S, Shechter M. Acute myocardial infarction severity, complications, and mortality associated with lack of magnesium intake through consumption of desalinated seawater. Magnesium Research 32(2):39-50 (2019) · new Observational (two-region comparison) · n = 380 |
"we found non significant higher MACE and 1-year mortality with the use of DSW" [abstract only] · Plausible Topic: magnesium_water; dose: Residential water Mg 5.4 mg/L (desalinated) vs 25.1 mg/L Limits: Ecological exposure; confounding; non-significant primary outcome |
Evidence: weak Paywalled · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Parker WF, Gorges RJ, Gao YN, et al. Association between groundwater lithium and the diagnosis of bipolar disorder and dementia in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry (research letter) (2018) · new Ecological (claims data) · n = 4.2 million insured adults |
apparent link "driven by unaccounted variation in demographics, health care resources, and diagnostic practices" [via Alzforum] · Contested Topic: lithium_water; dose: Groundwater Li high (mean 141 ug/L) vs low (6 ug/L) Limits: Ecological |
Evidence: weak Paywalled · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Zalvan CH, et al. Comparison of Mediterranean diet + alkaline water vs PPI for laryngopharyngeal reflux. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg (2017) · new Retrospective cohort (two time periods) · n = 184 |
RSI >=6-point reduction 62.6% vs 54.1% (difference not significant) [as reported by Healio] · Plausible Topic: alkaline_water; dose: Plant-based Mediterranean diet + alkaline water pH>8 vs PPI Limits: Diet and water inseparable; non-randomized; historical control |
Evidence: weak Paywalled · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Kessing LV, et al. Association of lithium in drinking water with the incidence of dementia. JAMA Psychiatry 74(10):1005-1010 (2017) · new Nationwide nested case-control (Denmark) · n = 73731 cases; 733653 controls |
IRR 0.83 (95% CI 0.81-0.85) for >15.0 ug/L but IRR 1.22 for 5.1-10.0 ug/L; "confounding from other factors associated with municipality of residence cannot be excluded" · Contested Topic: lithium_water; dose: Municipal water Li >15.0 ug/L vs 2.0-5.0 ug/L Limits: Non-linear; ecological exposure assignment |
Evidence: weak Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Davenward S, Bentham P, Wright J, Crome P, Job D, Polwart A, Exley C. Silicon-rich mineral water as a non-invasive test of the 'aluminum hypothesis' in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 33(2):423-30 (2013) · new Uncontrolled pilot (patients + carers) · n = ~15 AD + carers |
"at least 3 out of 15 individuals" showed clinically relevant cognitive improvement; "a longer term study involving many more individuals is now warranted" [abstract only] · Plausible Topic: silicon_water; dose: Up to 1 L/day Si-rich mineral water, 12 weeks Limits: No placebo; tiny; Al hypothesis itself contested |
Evidence: weak Paywalled · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Advocate Health enews. Can bathing in vitamins boost your health? (quotes ACS chemist N. Langerman) (2013) · new Expert commentary (secondary) · n = n/a |
"there is absolutely no evidence that chlorine in water form is bad for your skin" (Langerman) · Unsupported (Health); Chemistry Of Dechlorination Plausible Topic: vitamin_c_shower; dose: Vitamin C shower filters Limits: No trials found in this scan |
Evidence: weak Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Koufman JA, Johnston N. Potential benefits of pH 8.8 alkaline drinking water as an adjunct in the treatment of reflux disease. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 121(7):431-4 (2012) · new In vitro · n = n/a |
"The pH 8.8 alkaline water irreversibly inactivated human pepsin (in vitro)" [abstract only] · Plausible (Reflux Mechanism) Topic: alkaline_water; dose: pH 8.8 water Limits: No human outcome data |
Evidence: weak Paywalled · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Exley C, Korchazhkina O, Job D, et al. Non-invasive therapy to reduce the body burden of aluminium in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 10(1):17-24 (2006) · new Pre-post, no control · n = not captured |
Urinary Al fell from 86.0 to 62.2 nmol/mmol creatinine; "Drinking the mineral water increased significantly (P<0.001) their urinary excretion of silicic acid" [abstract only] · Plausible Topic: silicon_water; dose: 1.5 L/day silicic-acid-rich mineral water, 5 days Limits: No control; 5 days; surrogate |
Evidence: weak Paywalled · source · added 2026-10-30 |
| Directive 2009/54/EC on natural mineral waters, Annex III (permitted label indications) (2009) · new Regulation · n = n/a |
"Contains bicarbonate" >600 mg/l; "Contains calcium" >150 mg/l; "Contains magnesium" >50 mg/l; "May be laxative" - no criterion given · Regulatory Context Topic: bicarbonate_calcium_water; dose: Label thresholds Limits: Composition labels, not health-benefit evidence; EFSA nutrient claims (Reg. 1924/2006) not checked in this scan |
Evidence: n/a Free to read · source · added 2026-10-30 |
Evidence grade: strong = trials, large field studies or official datasets; moderate = smaller or lab studies with real water; weak = single small studies, makers' specs or secondary reports. "Free to read" means the source itself is free to read online.